Другие статьи

Цель нашей работы - изучение аминокислотного и минерального состава травы чертополоха поникшего
2010

Слово «этика» произошло от греческого «ethos», что в переводе означает обычай, нрав. Нравы и обычаи наших предков и составляли их нравственность, общепринятые нормы поведения.
2010

Артериальная гипертензия (АГ) является важнейшей медико-социальной проблемой. У 30% взрослого населения развитых стран мира определяется повышенный уровень артериального давления (АД) и у 12-15 % - наблюдается стойкая артериальная гипертензия
2010

Целью нашего исследования явилось определение эффективности применения препарата «Гинолакт» для лечения ВД у беременных.
2010

Целью нашего исследования явилось изучение эффективности и безопасности препарата лазолван 30мг у амбулаторных больных с ХОБЛ.
2010

Деформирующий остеоартроз (ДОА) в настоящее время является наиболее распространенным дегенеративно-дистрофическим заболеванием суставов, которым страдают не менее 20% населения земного шара.
2010

Целью работы явилась оценка анальгетической эффективности препарата Кетанов (кеторолак трометамин), у хирургических больных в послеоперационном периоде и возможности уменьшения использования наркотических анальгетиков.
2010

Для более объективного подтверждения мембранно-стабилизирующего влияния карбамезапина и ламиктала нами оценивались перекисная и механическая стойкости эритроцитов у больных эпилепсией
2010

Нами было проведено клинико-нейропсихологическое обследование 250 больных с ХИСФ (работающих в фосфорном производстве Каратау-Жамбылской биогеохимической провинции)
2010


C использованием разработанных алгоритмов и моделей был произведен анализ ситуации в системе здравоохранения биогеохимической провинции. Рассчитаны интегрированные показатели здоровья
2010

Специфические особенности Каратау-Жамбылской биогеохимической провинции связаны с производством фосфорных минеральных удобрений.
2010

European historiography about relationships between republic of Kazakhstan and the European union

Western analysts are showing great interest in the problem of cooperation between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the European Union. Various aspects and levels of relations are in the process of learning and scientific understanding of the experts in the field of international relations, international law, history, political science, law, economic sciences. Historiographical review is devoted to analysis of investigations by European scholars about the relationships between the European Union and the Republic of Kazakhstan. Researchers from different countries perceive the issue from different and sometimes opposing views. The study of different scientific positions, an analysis of all the major current trends and directions in science allow to create a complete picture of the scientific research in this area. 

Cooperation between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the European Union in the various aspects and levels of relations is in the process of learning and scientific understanding of the experts in the field of international relations, international law, history, political science, law, economic sciences.

Western analysts are showing great interest in this problem. In our view, the characteristic features of Western historiography are the attraction to the regional approach and a more pronounced critical approach to the analysis of development of the Kazakh-European relations.

Interest in the study of Central Asia to the US and Europe originated long ago. Centers for the Study of Central Asia were established and actively developed in Western Europe and the US, mainly in universities since the late 70's - early 80-ies.

At the present time, Cambridge Central Asian Forum; FRIDE - independent European research center in Madrid which supports innovative research on the role of Europe in the international arena; the Karelian Institute of the University of Eastern Finland; The Centre for European Policy Studies  (CEPS) in Brussels, according to our observations, are the leaders in this regard.

A special project “Europe-Central Asia Monitoring – EUCAM” was established in European Union in 2008 as a tool for monitor the implementation of the EU Strategy for Central Asia.

EUCAM is coordinated by FRIDE with the support of the Open Society Institute. The main outputs of the program are a series of policy briefs and working papers as well as occasional commentaries and the newsletter EUCAM Watch. [1]

Jos Boonstra is Head of Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia Program at FRIDE. He is one of key specialists in Europe in the field of relationships between EU and Central-Asian countries, including Kazakhstan. Among his reсent writings we would highlight following. [2]

The book “Into EurAsia: Monitoring the EU's Central Asia Strategy” (in collaboration with M.Emerson) assesses the EU policy towards Central Asia. The author examines the role of Russia, China, the United States and other countries in Central Asia, as well as the overall political and economic situation in the region, and assesses progress in the implementation of the EU Strategy in Central Asia.

His articles “Implementation and review of the European Union - Central Asia Strategy: Recommendations for EU action” (2016), “Reviewing the EU’s approach to Central Asia” (2015), “Ten tasks for the new EU Special Representative to Central Asia” (2012) are devoted to the elaboration of recommendations for European Council in the development of the European – Asian interaction.

The report for the European Parliament's Subcommittee on Human Rights “Evaluation of the EU's Human Rights Policies and Engagement in Central Asia” (2014) analyses the degree of impact of European Union in Central Asian countries in the spheres of human rights, good governance, the rule of law, and democratization.

The article “Uncharted waters: Continuity Presidential power in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan” studies the prospects for the transfer of the supreme political power in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan to the new leaders in the future and the possible scenarios, the similarities and differences between the situation in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, as well as the position and the role of the EU in this regard.

Sebastien Peyrouse is Research Professor of International Affairs at the Institute for European, Russian and Eurasian Studies (IERES), the Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University, an associate researcher with FRIDE and the EUCAM Program.

He pays a lot of attention in his research to the question of relations between Central Asian countries including Kazakhstan and European Union. His articles have appeared in Europe Asia Studies, Problems of Post- Communism, Nationalities  Papers, China Perspectives, Religion, State & Society, Journal of Church and State.   He has authored or co-authored seven books on Central Asia in French.[3]

The article by Sébastien Peyrouse “Security and development in Central Asia. The EU compared to China and Russia” (co-authors are Jos Boonstra, Marlène Laruelle) is devoted to geo-political competition between China, Russia and EU in Central Asia in regard to security and development interests in the region. The main question of article: is there any scope for cooperation and coordination or can policies be boiled down to zero-sum geo- political competition? In the article “How does Central Asia view the EU?” S. Peyrouse analyses how Central Asians see the European Union; how politicians, business leaders, scholars and civil society experts from Central Asia view the EU and its approach to the region.

The investigation “France and Central Asia” by S.Peyrouse compares the interrelations between France and each of the Central Asian states. The author devotes considerable space to the Kazakh-French cooperation in the field of politics, economy, security and development.

V.D. Shkolnikov is senior fellow at the Jefferson Institute based in Warsaw. He is also the head of Freedom House Europe in Budapest and a consultant to the Open Society Institute. His research interests include the analysis of the OSCE activities. In particular, the researcher analyzes the activity of Kazakhstan as the OSCE Chairman in 2010. In his article “The 2010 OSCE Kazakhstan Chairmanship: Carrot Devoured, Results Missing” (2011) [4] the author studies the background, features, advantages and disadvantages of Kazakhstan's chairmanship, the results and features of it.

Relations between Kazakhstan and the OSCE is the significant part of external policy of our country. As Baiturbayeva A.T. notes, it «took on a special character in 2000. Astana‘s policies have at times been subjected to intense criticism by the Organization and its affiliated institutions in connection with issues such as human rights compliance, the observance of democracy, and election campaign techniques. These bilateral problems generally occurred at times of stress in international relations and the geopolitical situation in the Eurasian space. Not just Kazakhstan but all the post-Soviet states were exposed to such criticism, including Russia and the other Central Asian republics”. [5]

Considering the investigation by V.D. Shkolnikov, from our perspective, interesting comparisons, observations and conclusions are available in the article. However, from our point of view, the author is not quite ethical in  their arguments. Some of cynicism is clearly felt in his attitude to the issue. Perception of chairmanship in the OSCE as a "carrot" for Kazakhstan looks pretty ridiculous, taking into account that all of the EU's attempts to manipulate the authorities of Kazakhstan tend to be not effective.

Kristin Fjaestad, Indra Overland, Jibecke Joensson, Ioanna-Nikoletta Zyga, Fabienne Bossuyt, Georgiana Marin, Anete Jekabsone, Tatjana Lipiainen, Nicolas de Pedro, Niels Martin Andersen, Merijn Hartog, Lawrence Kettle, Licinia Simao, Fabio Indeo, Anna Walker have contributed to the study of relations between the Central Asian countries, including Kazakhstan, and the countries - EU members. [6]

Andrzej Skrzydło – researcher, Minister-counselor and Deputy Head of the Embassy of the Republic of  Poland in Astana (accredited for Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan) gives his analysis of the implementation  of the  EU’s Strategy for Central Asia. In his article “The EU Strategy towards the Central Asia Region. Policy Assessment and Some Recommendations for the Future” [7]. A. Skrzydło tries to outline the EU’s policies, concepts and approaches towards the Central Asia region and their modification and adjustment to the current international dynamism and changing situation in the region itself, as well as to identify the global factors which eventually affect the relationship between Europe and the region. Some recommendations and suggestions with regard to a future EU Strategy are proposed by the author, based on lessons learnt and analysis of the international environment.

Among the publications in the top-rated scientific magazine "Europe-Asia Studies" relating to the theme of the relationship between Kazakhstan and the EU we would highlight the article by Pinar Ipek "The Role of Oil and Gas in Kazakhstan's Foreign Policy: Looking East or West?" [8]. In our opinion, this study is very interesting and valuable. It examines the role of oil and gas in the making of Kazakhstan’s foreign policy. It argues that Kazakhstan has been following a multi-vector foreign policy in relation to its oil-led development and the geopolitics of exporting oil from this landlocked region. P.Ipek argues that the significance of geopolitical considerations and the resulting pragmatism of Kazakhstan’s leadership only allow a limited role for national identity and internal political dynamics in the making of its foreign policy. Kazakhstan’s geopolitical imperatives force the country to keep good relations with Russia and China as well as with the EU and the US, as counterbalancing partners.

Another scientific study on the subject was published by "Europe-Asia Studies" in 2014. It is the article by L.Anceschi “The Tyranny of Pragmatism: EU–Kazakhstani Relations” [9]. The researcher is sure that the pragmatic interests of Kazakhstan and the European Union have profoundly influenced the relationship between them, preventing the establishment of successful cooperation in the human dimension. The author explores the political technologies, which, in his opinion, Kazakhstan uses in building relations with the EU, as well as Kazakhstan's actions, which aim to comply with international law and avoid pressure from the EU in the field of democratization and human rights.

Thus, the evolution of relations of Kazakhstan and the Central Asian region as a whole with the European Union, the theory and practice of development of this process, the prospects of its development in the future are actively studied by the European political scientists, historians and analysts.

Researchers from different countries perceive the issue from different and sometimes opposing views. Criticality and validity level is very different. Proceedings at times reflect the political interests of the parties involved in the construction of the effective system of interaction. The study of different views, an analysis of all the major current trends and directions in science allow to create a complete picture  of the scientific research in this area.

 

References 

  1. What is EUCAM [Electronic resource] – URL: http://www.eucentralasia.eu/index.php?id=25 (датаобращения 09.02.2017)
  2. EUCAM Publications. EUCAM [Electronic resource] - URL: http://www.eucentralasia.eu/index.php?id=35 (датаобращения 02.2017)
  3. Boonstra , Emerson M. Into EurAsia: Monitoring the EU's Central Asia Strategy. – EUCAM, 2010 [Electronic resource] – URL: http://www.eucentralasia.eu/index.php?id=143(датаобращения 01.02.2017); Boonstra J. Implementation and review of the European Union - Central Asia Strategy: Recommendations for EU action. – AFET, 2016 [Electronic resource] – URL: http://www.eucentralasia.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/Working_Papers/Implementation-EU-Central- Asia-Strategy-Recommendations-2015.pdf(датаобращения 09.12.2016); Boonstra J. Reviewing the EU’s approach to Central Asia  //     EUCAM  National  Series  Policy  Brief.  –  February,  2015.  –  №  34  [Electronic  resource]  –  URL: http://www.eucentralasia.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/Policy_Briefs/EUCAM-PB-34-Reviewing-EU-policies-in-Central- Asia-EN.pdf(датаобращения 09.02.2017); Boonstra J. Ten tasks for the new EU Special Representative to Central Asia // EUCAM National  Series Policy  Brief.  – July,  2012.  – № 24 [Electronic  resource] – URL:      http://www.eucentralasia.eu/ uploads/tx_icticontent/PB_24_Ru_01.pdf (датаобращения 19.01.2017); Boonstra J. Evaluation of the EU's Human Rights Policies and Engagement in Central Asia. – DROI, 2014 [Electronic resource] – URL: http://www.eucentralasia.eu/ fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/Working_Papers/EP-EUCAM-Report-Human-Rights-EU-CA.pdf                      (датаобращения 09.02.2017);   Boonstra  J.,  Laruelle  M. Uncharted  waters:  Presidential  successions  in  Kazakhstan  and Uzbekistan      // EUCAM             National        Series         Policy     Brief.     –     April,     2014.    –     №     33    [Electronic     resource]     –     URL: http://www.eucentralasia.eu/uploads/tx_icticontent/EUCAM-PB-33-UZ-KZ-president-successions-EN_01.pdf (датаобращения              01.02.2017); Elliott        School           of   International               Affairs     [Electronic    resource] –            URL: https://elliott.gwu.edu/peyrouse (датаобращения 13.11.2016).
  4. Peyrouse , Boonstra J., Laruelle M. Security and development in Central Asia. The EU compared to China and Russia // EUCAM Working Paper 11. – May, 2012 [Electronic resource]–URL: http://www.eucentralasia.eu/ uploads/tx_icticontent/WP11.pdf(датаобращения 13.11.2016); Peyrouse S. How does Central Asia view the EU? // EUCAM Working Paper 18. – June, 2014 [Electronic resource] – URL: http://www.eucentralasia.eu/uploads/tx_ icticontent/EUCAM-WP18-How-does-Central-Asia-view-the-EU-1_01.pdf(датаобращения  13.11.2016);  Peyrouse  S. France and Central Asia // EUCAM National Series Policy Brief. – November, 2012. – № 9 [Electronic resource] – URL: http://www.eucentralasia.eu/uploads/tx_icticontent/National-PB9-FR.pdf  (датаобращения 13.11.2016)
  5. Shkolnikov The 2010 OSCE Kazakhstan Chairmanship: Carrot Devoured, Results Missing [Electronic resource] – URL:http://www.eucentralasia.eu/uploads/tx_icticontent/Vladimir.Shkolnikov.PB15.April11.pdf (датаобращения 13.11.2016)
  6. Baiturbayeva A.T. The role and participation of Kazakhstan at OSCE // Bulletin of Series of "International Affairs and Policy". – 2014. - №1(36). – P. 59
  7. Fjaestad K., Overland Norway and Central Asia // EUCAM National Series Policy Brief. – July, 2013. – № 16 [Electronic resource] – URL: http://www.eucentralasia.eu/uploads/tx_icticontent/National-PB16-NO.pdf (датаобращения 01.02.2017); Joensson J. Sweden and Central Asia // EUCAM National Series Policy Brief. – May, 2013. – № 15 [Electronic resource] – URL: http://www.eucentralasia.eu/uploads/tx_icticontent/National-PB15-SW.pdf(датаобращения 01.02.2017); Zyga I.-N. Greece and Central Asia // EUCAM National Series Policy Brief. – April, 2014. – № 14 [Electronic resource] – URL:  http://www.eucentralasia.eu/uploads/tx_icticontent/National-PB14-GR_01.pdf(датаобращения  01.02.2017); Bossuyt Belgium-Luxembourg and Central Asia // EUCAM National Series Policy Brief. – March, 2013. – № 13 [Electronic resource] – URL: http://www.eucentralasia.eu/uploads/tx_icticontent/National-PB13-BELUX.pdf(датаобращения 01.02.2017); Marin G. Romania and Central Asia // EUCAM National Series Policy Brief. – March, 2013. – № 12 [Electronic resource] – URL: http://www.eucentralasia.eu/uploads/tx_icticontent/National-PB12-ROM.pdf (датаобращения 01.02.2017); Jekabsone A. The Baltic states and Central Asia // EUCAM National Series Policy Brief. – March, 2013. – № 11 [Electronic resource] – URL: http://www.eucentralasia.eu/uploads/tx_icticontent/National-PB11-BS.pdf (датаобращения 01.02.2017); Lipiainen T. Finland and Central Asia // EUCAM National Series Policy Brief. – November, 2012. – № 10 [Electronic resource] – URL: http://www.eucentralasia.eu/uploads/tx_icticontent/National-PB10- FN.pdf(датаобращения 01.02.2017); Nicolas de Pedro. Spain and Central Asia // EUCAM National Series Policy Brief. – September, 2012. – № 8 [Electronic resource] – URL: http://www.eucentralasia.eu/uploads/tx_icticontent/National-PB8- SP.pdf (датаобращения 01.02.2017); Andersen N. M. Denmark and Central Asia // EUCAM National Series Policy Brief. – September, 2012. – № 7 [Electronic resource] – URL: http://www.eucentralasia.eu/uploads/tx_icticontent/PB7_DK- 1_final.pdf (датаобращения 01.02.2017); Hartog M., Kettle L. The Netherlands and Central Asia // EUCAM National Series Policy Brief. – August, 2012. – № 6 // EUCAM National Series Policy Brief. – August, 2012. – № 5 [Electronic resource]  – URL:   http://www.eucentralasia.eu/uploads/tx_icticontent/PB5_PT_1.pdf  (датаобращения  01.02.2017); Indeo  Italy and Central Asia // EUCAM National Series Policy Brief. – July, 2012. – № 2 [Electronic resource] – URL: http://www.eucentralasia.eu/uploads/tx_icticontent/PB2_Italy.pdf(датаобращения 01.02.2017); Walker A. The United Kingdom and Central Asia // EUCAM National Series Policy Brief. – July, 2012. – № 1 [Electronic resource] – URL: http://www.eucentralasia.eu/uploads/tx_icticontent/PB3_UK.pdf (датаобращения 01.02.2017)
  8. Skrzydło The EU Strategy towards the Central Asia Region. Policy Assessment and Some Recommendations for the Future // Yearbook of Polish European Studies. – 2014. – № 17 – P. 229–255. [Electronic resource] - URL: http://www.ce.uw.edu.pl/pliki/pw/a-skrzydlo.pdf (датаобращения 08.02.2017).
  9. 135 94. Ipek P. The Role of Oil and Gas in Kazakhstan's Foreign Policy: Looking East or West? // Europe-Asia Studies. - 2007, November . – Vol. 59, № 7. – P. 1179-1199.
  10. . 136 95. Anceschi L. The Tyranny of Pragmatism: EU–Kazakhstani Relations // Europe-Asia Studies. – 2014, January . – Vol. 66, № 1. – P. 1 -24

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