A specific place in the international relations is held by self-identification of each person with ethnic group as the decision, which becomes the basis of adoption of this decision, understanding of value and the acceptability of a certain style of behavior, social or political movement. Also the question of sense of the concept “ethnicity” means the theoretical orientation, connected with the problem of self-identification. The formulation of approaches to the problem of ethnicity, consciousness, self-identification remains the main aim of the authors, who are engaged in studying of various aspects of culture of ethnic communities and problems of interaction of ethnic groups. Authors have presented the big case of actual data, confirming various provisions of the theory. Their views have originality, exclusive value, systematized to the source of various data, and show the role of social sciences in studying of ethnic interactions, the directions of researches of the problems of ethnicity, the theory of the ethnic conflicts, the place of various ethnos in the American society. It was already proved the necessary experience and the analysis of opinions of the concept “ethnicity” and the problems of self-identification stated in ethnographic and ethnological literature.
Introduction. Authors of the monograph “Ethnicity and race: designing of identity in the changing world” D.Hartman and S. Cornell have investigated in their work the problem of ratio, the concepts of ethnicity and race of modern conditions. They have carried out the deep analysis of the opinions, expressed by the predecessors, explained assimilation and pluralism, emergence of the new directions. Authors have drawn the conclusion about the concepts and the cornerstone of life in the society, explained such phenomena as genocide, discrimination, opposition of various forces, formulation of the demands of the various forces. At the same time, these categories showed the insignificant. Only the sense and the activity of people are important. Further they wrote, that in the XXI-st century the particular importance has the maintenance of ethnicity and race, as representatives of ethnic and racial groups [1] are really necessary.
Methods. At the basics of the methodology of this article the dialectic method, exempted from a materialistic or idealistic monism, and based on pluralistic, multiple line interdependence of all public phenomena, with reference to results of ethnographic and ethnological researches is applied. Also the method of the sociopolitical analysis of problems of ethno political ways and tools of ethno policy in the USA and EU countries was used.
Results. The conducted research allows us to mark out theoretical aspects of studying of ethnicity and self- identification, which have concentrated in several main directions. Lack of a consensus literally on all questions reflects complexity and discrepancy of the considered phenomena and processes, connected with ethnicity. Special relevance of this perspective is connected with a modern situation in the multiethnic communities which have faced problems of cohabitation of representatives of culturally various ethnic groups having own interests, other than others. The American people aren't super ethnos. In a phase of break of the Western European super ethnos the new ethnos has consisted of the most passion representatives of Protestant ethnos of Europe - British and Dutch super activists, activity, and world religious, which couldn't be shown in the homeland, has departure to the North America, their descendants have destroyed Indians (now they are called “the first nations”), and have formed rather monolithic ethnos - Yankee Americans, mostly ardent Protestants.
Discussion. The USA represents the classical empire in the transition phase from inertia to an obscuration, which in fact has no borders, and only provinces, the earth of federate (allies) and barbarians, who struggled against. What connects all these super ethnos in uniform state education, it is the natural dollar force, American way of life, when the representatives of these super ethnos have refused from mentality and life style. All this quite important in the number of the regions of the USA, several alien super ethnic, ethnos, coexisted in one ecological sicle. It is the direct road to an ethnic chimera. And we would like to say, that the USA becomes anti- system, created and maintenances the anti-system in the modern conditions [2, P.202].
The importance in rooting of ethnics to the USA is played by adaptation, which represents the process of mutual adaptation between culture and the external environment, directed to survival and stability of the social system. In narrow biological sense adaptation means, that the organism undergoes changes in the form and behavior, which lead to acquisition of the qualities, giving the chance to survive in the certain conditions. In the context of anthropology, adaptation means that “the culture is a product of interaction between the external environment and the strategy of activity, special technology of development of natural resources, economy and social structure” [3, P.36].
Thus, adaptation is a process or result (both treatments are admissible), establishment of such way of interaction between the people and the environment, which allows the people to survive in this environment (even in the conditions of ethnologist extreme), and raise the number of people, at least, would remain stable. The culture is the main mechanism of adaption of the human collectives to the environment. Such behavior models contain the culture, which gives the chance to get them to livelihood, to build dwellings, to make clothes in the most rational way for the available geographical and climatic conditions. These behavioral models pass from father to son in the course of socialization. These behavior models, which are directly connected with the process of life support of ethnos, are the main subject of studying as manifestation of adaptation of human society to the environment. Quoting A. Coen, one may say, that adaptation is a process, “by means of which the person has an opportunity to productively use for satisfaction of the requirements the habitat” [4, P.6].
“Two main adaptive aspects of culture” are most often distinguished: they are connected with transformation of energy potential of the environment into food. Each culture has the main food manufacture strategy and special models of distribution of food among the members of the society. The measure of domination of food manufacture strategy corresponds with other aspects of the culture, differently estimated by different anthropologists; however, obviously degree of efficiency of the social union depends on the strategy of life support. Thus, each culture can be interpreted as the strategy of human adaptation and element of unique social model, as means for receiving the habitat of the maximum energy.
As the prof. G.S. Gadzhiyev notes, “For the USA the problem consists in the definition of the status of a super state, the terms of school of the great military-political power, capable to coexist and interact as equals with other great powers. Therefore it is very difficult for Washington to study the lessons of history and to draw conclusions, adequate to the created situation” [5, P.211].
As recommendations about improvement of ethno policy we would like to formulate the following rules:
- The accounting of ethnic factors in the foreign policy, interstate (external) factors on politicization of concrete ethnic
- Completing of states governments (officials), taking into account the representatives of ethnic
- Refusal of a habit to see the minorities as some kind of “whipping boys”.
- Granting an opportunity of the minorities to define the problems of self-government and the strategy of the
- To distribute funds, allocated for these groups, through ethnic
- The support of national political parties the ethnic
- The union of political leaders in the center with ethnic leaders of crisis
But obviously one of important role of the state in the sphere of ethno policy means the sufficient tools for deduction of the situation in constructive framework and prevention of the transition to destructive phase. Skill of the order resources with the ethnic aspects is not the problem of only transitional and developing countries. In the USA the black middle class can exist only with assistance of the government. Therefore it is quite justified by ideological means to introduce in public consciousness the idea of exemplary ethno groups.
The policy in education is especially significant. It is a principle question of subsidizing of ethnic schools, national cultures. Quality education for all means the state system against formation of stagnant and explosive “periphery”. Besides, at city schools the culture of violence, turned on ethnic groups, was formed. Schools can quite protect the children from ethnic prejudices; there is an experience (studied by ethno sociologists) of the solution of these problems at schools on the basis of modeling, designing of the ethno national relations in the concrete community.
The way of formation of ethnic consciousness as culture problem, is an aim of training and education by the means and forms of permission and the prevention of the conflicts. Teaching at universities is quite able to reveal and open psychological, cultural manifestations of ethnicity, side of the corresponding policy and behavior of institutes of the civil society, to train leaders of mass media and to form their ideology. Educational institutes are urged to act as suppliers of personnel from among ethnic groups in the government.
The European Union is one of the most successful integration educations in the modern world, uniting 24 states, producing 28% of world GDP with the population about 405 million people. In process of deepening of economic and political integration the European Union strengthens the status on the international scene and already considered by experts in the context of problems of global leadership in spite of the fact, that the status of the EU as the consolidated geopolitical player wasn't created fully yet. Possessing advanced economy, democratic political systems, powerful scientific and technological potential and the developed system of social guarantees for the citizens, the EU is an attractive pole of partnership for the significant amount of the countries of so-called “third world”. At the same time the association of significant amount of the national states causes’ existence of complex institutional structure, becomes more difficult for them to react to new calls. In the conditions of arising contradictions between the members EU faces the difficult stage of the integration: definition of strategic reference points in the political and economic areas in new geopolitical realities.
At the current moment the most significant problems of the development of the European Union are: the problem of immigration and adaptation of immigrants in the European countries, the problem of economic integration of countries of Eastern Europe after their accession to the EU, the problem of improvement of economy of Germany is the great problem of possible accession of Turkey to alliance.
Migration becomes one of the most important social phenomena of the modern world. By estimates of the UN, about 200 million people from seven-billion world's population (about 3%) are immigrants. The phenomenon of migration exists long ago, however only recently it began the most important problem of domestic and international policy, especially in the developed countries, where inflow of illegal immigrants is swept more and more up.
Formation of multiethnic society faces certain problems. In many EU countries natives of families of the African or Asian immigrants, are given birth in Europe, don't feel completely involved in this country, and many residents of EU countries continue to carry out the distinctions between the citizens of the European origin and other persons.
Especially it should be noted that the European immigration of the end of XX-the beginning of the XXI-st century is accurately divided into two parts: 1) remigration; 2) inflow of the population from the undeveloped countries, close to Europe. Among ten national groups, delivering the greatest number of immigrants to EU countries in 1996, the origin only Turks were not European; the first three places in this list belongs to the repatriated Germans, persons of the British origin and natives of the countries of the former Soviet Union.
The largest and developed cities of the countries of the West most often are exposed to the most quick and radical changes. In recent years the research scholars noted the increase of the degree of social inequality, an aggravation of the cultural and ethnic conflicts, strengthening of political instability in the modern megalopolises. In order to prevent of this threat, it is necessary to turn back process of impoverishment of mass segments of the population [6, P.12].
According to the opinion of the corresponding member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Doctor of Philosophy, professor R.B. Absattarov, “accumulation and an aggravation of the social contradictions in the post- industrial countries can lead to emergence of the conflicts which will have far bigger value for destinies of mankind, than succession of events on the world periphery” [7, P.185]. It is well known, that the large cities are the place, where the large number of people lives in close contact with each other, in close interrelation and where there are the majority of social problems. In the developed countries megalopolises have appeared in the face of serious changes in social, ethnic and demographic structure, and also in the lifestyle in connection with the big inflow of immigrants from the white countries which aren't adapted to new social and cultural reality today [8, P.83].
Conclusion. Summing up, in the conclusion, we need to stress, that the ethno policy in the USA and EU countries doesn't represent something uniform, stiffened, and immovable. In accordance with the different approaches, constantly become outdated, others are corrected; symbolical reflection of the problems of ethnicity in terminology of media is specified: not “nation”, but “country”, not “international”, but “interstate” relations, not “national”, but “international” tensions, not “national”, but state “construction”, etc.
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