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Multi-level inverter switching strategies

Abstract

In the article, the methods of switching stages of a multi-level inverter are studied. These techniques use pulse-width modulation for switching, which is obtained by comparing a reference sinusoidal signal and a sequence of triangular pulses. The article describes algorithms for obtaining a control sequence of pulses and examines how a particular strategy can reduce the coefficient of harmonic components of Ihc output voltage of the inverter. To do this. Simulink simulates each of the strategies for different frequencies. Based on the simulation results, the dependence of the coefficient of nonlinear distortion on the frequency of the carrier oscillation for different Switcliing strategies is obtained. The simulation was performed without filtering the output voltage of the inverter, and with the use of a low-pass filter. In addition, an experimental study of a six- level PWM inverter was performed. Using the Fluke 435-11 electrical energy’ analyzer, oscillograms and spectrograms of the inverter are obtained. Harmonics of the output voltage are detected that differ in power from the entire spectrum.

Introduction

The topology of building a multi-level inverter allows switching voltage levels. However, in most cases, a particular topology differs only in the number of switching keys, power supplies, and other execution elements used, and does not allow you to get a significant advantage in reducing the harmonic components. To reduce them, a specific strategy is used for choosing the switching time of each of the stages of a multi-level inverter. At the moment, there are various strategies used for implementing a multi-level inverter [1-3]. Most of them are based on the use of pulse-width modulation [4-6].

The use of PWM is widely used to obtain a sinusoidal voltage at the output of a single- level inverter, where the pulse width of the carrier oscillation varies according to the sinusoidal law. But PWM can also be used for switching in a multi-level inverter [7-10] with the only difference that the carrier vibrations form each of the stages of the inverter separately.

Based on the topology of building a multi-level inverter, presented in [11], we investigate how various strategies can reduce the coefficient of harmonic components, and determine the optimal one.

The method of switching

The PWM-based switching strategies discussed in this article are listed below:

  • common-mode PWM strategy;
  • antiphase PWM strategy;
  • alternating antiphase PWM strategy;
  • PWM strategy with the imposition of carrier oscillations;
  • PWM strategy with different frequency.

Consider a common-mode PWM strategy for switching stages. The modulating signal Us is a sine wave with an amplitude of 312 V and a frequency of 50 Hz according to the law

Us = 312 sinlOOjrt.

A triangular signal of symmetrical shape will act as a carrier oscillation, i.e. the duration of growth of such a signal is equal to the duration of its decline [12]. The frequency of the carrier triangular signal will be unchanged, but it must be several times higher than the frequency of the modulating sinusoidal signal. The amplitude of the triangular signal is selected depending on the amplitude of the stage of the multi-level inverter.

We introduce the concept of a frequency coefficient kf, which is equal to the ratio of the frequency of the carrier oscillation fc to the frequency of the modulating signal fs.

Thus, we can investigate the effect of this coefficient on the coefficient of nonlinear distortion. Similarly, we introduce the concept of the amplitude coefficient kA, which will be calculated using the formula

n is the number of stages of the inverter, Ac is the amplitude of the carrier oscillation, and As is the amplitude of the modulating signal.

Consider strategies based on a three-level inverter [13]. Let the level of the steps be the same and conditionally equal to 1. In this case, the Amplitude of the modulating oscillation is equal to 3.

Figure IA shows the diagram of switching time selection for the common-mode PWM strategy. For this case, the value of the frequency coefficient kf is 20, i.e. the frequency of the carrier triangular signals is 20 times higher than the frequency of the sinusoidal oscillation. The value of the amplitude coefficient kA is 1.

As you can see from the picture, the carrier vibrations for each stage are in the same phase. The number of carriers required to obtain the switching time at each level is equal to the number of inverter stages multiplied by two. It should be noted that all carriers have the same amplitude. According to this strategy, if the value of the carrier triangular oscillation for a given time is higher than the value of the sinusoidal signal, then a high - level value is formed, otherwise a low-level value is formed. Thus, the commuting pulse is generated whenever the triangular pulse of the stage is larger than the sine wave.

According to the principle of the formation of the control pulses according to the law of reversed-phase shim strategy all bearing vibrations of positive half-wave are in the same phase relative to each other and all the supporting negative half-cycle fluctuations are also in phase but in opposite phase with the carrier oscillations of positive half-wave (Figure IB).

For an alternating antiphase PWM strategy, the carrier vibrations of the same amplitude are in the opposite phase relative to the neighboring ones (Figure 1C). In fact, this and the previous strategies are convenient from the point of view of application, since a phase shift of 180 shifts the carriers so that the positive and negative half-waves are in the same position relative to the carriers. Thus, the pulses are formed for positive and negative half-waves in the same way, which is very convenient.

Since the sine wave has a characteristic steepness, the number of switches for the lower levels of the inverter is less than the number of switches for the upper levels. In order to equalize the number of switches for all levels, you can use different frequencies for carrier vibrations. This is implemented in the PWM frequency strategy. The carrier position diagram for this strategy is shown in figure IG (kfi = 40, k^ = 20, ko = 12.5, kA = 1).

Using PWM with superimposed carrier vibrations, you can increase or decrease the duration of switching pulses and eliminate short-term bursts. This is achieved by increasing the amplitude of the carrier vibrations, as the triangular signals are cut off and become trapezoidal. The diagram of the position of the carrier vibrations for the PWM strategy with overlapping carrier vibrations is shown in figure IE (kf= 20, kA = 1.5).

Modeling

To study the effect of switching strategies on the coefficient of harmonic components, we will build a special model in the Simulink visual modeling environment.

Figure 2 shows a model of a 6-level inverter for the study of switching techniques [14]. The Sine Wave block generates a sinusoidal oscillation with a frequency of 50 Hz and an amplitude of 312 V. the Repeating Sequence Block generates a triangular signal of the carrier oscillation. This signal is formed with a constant component from the Constant block, the value of which is adjusted depending on the stage of the multi-level inverter. The triangular and sinusoidal signals are compared by the relative Operator comparison operator, which sends the signal to the power key. If the Sinusoidal signal is larger than the triangular one, the operator generates a logical unit, otherwise it generates a logical zero. To investigate only the impact of a particular strategy, we will exclude the influence of IGBTs, which we will replace with conventional power keys, which are represented by Ideal Switch blocks [15].

Figure 2 Model of a 6-level inverter for the study of switching techniques

The output voltage obtained from the simulation differs from the usual step voltage by the presence of pulse-width modulation (Figure 3). It should be noted that the closer the pulses are to the border of the transition to a high level, the wider the pulses and vice versa.

To compare strategies, the value of the nonlinear distortion coefficient is important, which is automatically calculated using the powergui block by means of a fast Fourier transform. The data for the strategies are listed in table l.as you can see, the coefficients of nonlinear distortion are quite large, due to the presence of high frequencies in the output voltage of the inverter. Therefore, these strategies are applied with a low-pass filter. In order not to distort low frequencies, it is necessary to select a filter with a smooth frequency response at the bandwidth frequencies [16, 17]. A typical third-order Butterworth filter with a cutoff frequency of 1000 Hz was used [18]. For modeling, the Butterworth filter is built using the Analog Filter Design block, where the filter order and cutoff frequency are set to 6283.2 rad/s.

Period

Frequency

APPWM

AAP PWM

PWM with ICO

PWM with DF

Without LFF

After

LFF

Without LFF

After LFF

Without LFF

After

LFF

Without LFF

After LFF

0,0013

769,2

9,3

7,04

10.05

7,51

14,24

11,49

9.27

6,98

0,0012

833,3

9,75

6,95

9.6

6,42

15.65

11,8

9.54

6,93

0,0011

909,1

8,78

6,08

7,91

4,44

13,8

9,69

9.7

7,8

0,001

1000

8,38

5,85

10,08

7,1

15.12

9.6

9.46

7,23

0,0009

1111,1

8,99

4,88

9.15

5,17

14.73

7.98

7.86

4,44

0,0008

1250

8,98

4,33

9

5,26

14.39

6.37

8

4,38

0,0007

1428,6

8,94

3,21

9.22

4,59

14,3

4,84

8.92

3,75

0,0006

1666,7

9,14

2,63

9.08

3.79

14,4

3,19

9.12

3,05

0,0005

2000

8,27

2,28

8,98

2,31

15,05

2.11

8.19

2,54

0,0004

2500

8,71

1,65

9,01

1.43

14,29

2.35

8.65

2

0,0003

3333,3

9,01

1,4

9,17

1.67

14.8

2

8.96

1,38

0,0002

5000

9,86

1,74

9,64

1.7

14.6

2.47

9.22

1,37

0,0001

10000

13,1

4,18

13,3

4.09

21,11

3,63

11.42

1,85

Table 1 coefficients of nonlinear distortions of various methods

Based on the simulation results, a graph of the dependence of the coefficient of nonlinear distortion on the frequency of the carrier oscillation is constructed. In this graph, dashed lines show the results of strategy modeling without filtering, and solid lines show the results of modeling with LFF.

As can be seen from figure 4, for all strategies, at low values of the frequency coefficient kf, a high value of the nonlinear distortion coefficient is observed, and with increasing carrier frequency, this coefficient decreases to a certain minimum and then increases slightly. At the same time, the lowest coefficient of nonlinear distortion is observed when using a PWM-based switching strategy with RF. When implementing a power inverter, however, you should not choose a higher frequency, since the frequency increases the energy loss for transients. It should also be borne in mind that switching is performed by power keys, such as IGBT or MOSFET, transients in which at a high switching frequency can disable them [19, 20].

Experiment

An experimental study of a six-level PWM inverter was performed. The resulting waveforms and spectrograms of inverters are shown in figure 5. Figure 5A shows the waveform, and figure 5B shows the output voltage spectrogram for a six-level PWM inverter.

As you can see from figure 5, the shape of the output voltage of the inverter has spikes on each of the stages, but it is visually close to the sine wave. The output voltage spectrograms of inverters are of particular interest. You can see that the 37th, 39th, 41st and 43rd harmonics, whose frequencies are 1850, 1950, 2050 and 2150 Hz, respectively, are expected to stand out in power from the entire spectrum. This is naturally related to the pulse frequency of the pulse width modulation stages. Harmonics at this frequency are very convenient to filter, since the filter is set to high harmonics, i.e. with a higher slice frequency. This filter is lighter and more compact in comparison with a conventional LFF, and is very simple in design.

Conclusion

The article deals with methods of switching stages of a multi-level inverter based on pulse-width modulation. Based on the results of Simulink simulation, the dependence of the nonlinear distortion coefficient on the frequency for various strategies without filtering the output voltage of the inverter, and with the LPF is obtained. It was found that the lowest coefficient of nonlinear distortion can be obtained when using a switching strategy based on PWM with different frequencies for stages. An experimental study of a six-level inverter with the proposed switching strategy was performed.

 

References:

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  2. Bindeshwar Singh. Nupur Mittal. K. S. Verina. Deependra Singh. S. P. Singh, Rahul Dixit. Manvendra Singh and Aanchal Baranwal. 2012. Multi-level inverter: a literature survey on topologies and control strategies. International Journal OfReviews in Computing. 10: 1-16.
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  4. C. Govindaraju. K. Baskaran. 2009. Optimized Hybrid Phase Disposition PWM Control Method for Multilevel Inverter. International Journal OfRecent Trends in Engineering. 1(3): 129-134.
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  7. Seyezhai R.. Mathur B.L. “Implementation and Control of Variable Frequency ISPWM Technique for an Asymmetric Multilevel Inverter” European Journal of Scientific Research. Vol.39 No.4 (2010), pp.558-568 .
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  13. Kynnyzy Taissariyeva. Nalik Issembergenov. The research of the solar panels-commutator-inverter- Ioad system with the pulse-amplitude ControlZZSPIE Photonics Applications in Astronomy. Conununications, Industry. and High-Energy Physics Experiments. - 2014.
  14. Subhas Chakravarty. Teclmology and Engineering Applications of Simulink. InTech. 2012. pp. 266.
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  17. Burlaka V.V., Gulakov S.V., Bublik S.K., Dyachenko M.D. Shunt Active Filter With Improved Suppression Of High-Order Current Harmonics. Visnik Priazovskogo Derzliavnogo Technichnogo Univercitctu. 2009; 19: 237 - 241.
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